Definition
Definitions of electronic-government (e-government) range from “the use of information technology to free movement of information to overcome the physical bounds of traditional paper and physical based systems” to “the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees.” (Patricia, 2003)
According to Zhiyuan (2002) define the e-government as a way for governments to use the most innovative information and communication technologies, particularly web-based Internet applications, to provide citizens and businesses with more convenient access to government information and services, to improve the quality of the services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in democratic institutions and processes. This includes transactions between government and business, government and citizen, government and employee, and among different units and levels of government.
The similar definition of e-government is that, public services are developed by making organizational changes, democratic developments are ensured and public administration uses information and communication technologies for supporting public policies. (Jongcheul, 2004)
Other definition of e-government was define as a government model, which aims increasing in performance and efficiency by using information and communication technologies in information, service and good exchange between public organizations, citizens and commercial organizations. E-government’s targets are:
i. Transparency in administration.
ii. Ensuring democratic developments and contribution of the citizens to administration at all levels.
iii. Offering public services in a more transparent way and consequently increasing power and credibility of the government.
iv. Continuous, uninterrupted and high quality services.
v. Ensuring data exchange between organizations and preventing work and data repeats.
vi. Making life of the citizens, who take services from the government easier.
vii. Planning based on true and up to date data and saving money in all expenditures (Sisman et al., 2009).
Based on the United Nations Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT) explain the change from conventional government to e-government as the table below:
According to Zhiyuan (2002) define the e-government as a way for governments to use the most innovative information and communication technologies, particularly web-based Internet applications, to provide citizens and businesses with more convenient access to government information and services, to improve the quality of the services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in democratic institutions and processes. This includes transactions between government and business, government and citizen, government and employee, and among different units and levels of government.
The similar definition of e-government is that, public services are developed by making organizational changes, democratic developments are ensured and public administration uses information and communication technologies for supporting public policies. (Jongcheul, 2004)
Other definition of e-government was define as a government model, which aims increasing in performance and efficiency by using information and communication technologies in information, service and good exchange between public organizations, citizens and commercial organizations. E-government’s targets are:
i. Transparency in administration.
ii. Ensuring democratic developments and contribution of the citizens to administration at all levels.
iii. Offering public services in a more transparent way and consequently increasing power and credibility of the government.
iv. Continuous, uninterrupted and high quality services.
v. Ensuring data exchange between organizations and preventing work and data repeats.
vi. Making life of the citizens, who take services from the government easier.
vii. Planning based on true and up to date data and saving money in all expenditures (Sisman et al., 2009).
Based on the United Nations Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT) explain the change from conventional government to e-government as the table below:
Types of E-Government Partnerships
Types of E-Government can be classified into 8 categories, are as follows:
1) Government-to-Citizen (G2C)
Provide the momentum to put public services online, in particular through the electronic service delivery for offering information and communications.
2) Citizen-to-Government (C2G)
Provide the momentum to put public services online, in particular through the electronic service delivery for exchange of information and communication.
3) Government-to-Business (G2B)
Actively drive E-transactions initiatives such as e-procurement and the development of an electronic marketplace for government purchases; and carry out Government procurement tenders through electronic
means for exchange of information and commodities.
Actively drive E-transactions initiatives such as e-procurement and the development of an electronic marketplace for government purchases; and carry out Government procurement tenders through electronic
means for exchange of information and commodities.
4) Business -to-Government (B2G)
Actively drive E-transactions initiatives such as e-procurement and the development of an electronic marketplace for government purchases; and carry out government procurement tenders through electronic
means for sale of goods and services.
5) Government-to-Employee (G2E)
Embark on initiatives that will facilitate the management of the civil service and internal communication with governmental employees in order to make e-career applications and processing system paperless in E-office.
6) Government-to-Government (G2G)
Provide the Government's departments or agencies cooperation and communication online base on mega database of government to have an impact on efficiency and effectiveness. It also includes internal exchange of information and commodities.
7) Government-to-Nonprofit (G2N)
Government provides information and communication to nonprofit organizations, political parties and social organizations, Legislature, etc.
Government provides information and communication to nonprofit organizations, political parties and social organizations, Legislature, etc.
8) Nonprofit-to-Government (N2G)
Exchange of information and communication between government and nonprofit organizations, political parties and social organizations, Legislature, etc.
The following figure show about the interaction between government, citizens, business, and NGO.
